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Research Article | Volume 19 Issue1 (Jan-Mar 2026, 2026) | Pages 11 - 24
A Systematic Review of Temperature-Driven Changes in Anopheles Mosquito Development and Survival and Their Implications for Malaria Control: A comprehensive Review
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1
Department of Pharmacology, Maharana Pratap College of Pharmacy Kothi, Mandhana, Kanpur - 209217, Uttar Pradesh,India
Under a Creative Commons license
Open Access
Received
Dec. 26, 2025
Revised
Jan. 6, 2026
Accepted
Jan. 6, 2026
Published
Jan. 20, 2026
Abstract

The life-history characteristics and disease-transmission capacity of adult mosquitoes can be significantly influenced by the growing temperature during their immature stages. This review evaluated available data on how temperature affects life-history features, pesticide susceptibility, immature stages, and enzyme expression in adult Anopheles mosquitoes. The review found that compared to An. adult funestus and An. quadriannulatus, embryonic stages of An. arabiensis, however, were more resistant (in terms of their survivability) to a higher temperature. Increased temperatures led to smaller larvae and shorter hatching and pupation times. At higher temperatures than at lower ones, An. stephensi's growing rate and survival rate were considerably lower. Anopheles mosquito lifetime, body size, gonotrophic cycle duration, and fecundity all reduced with rising temperatures. Females injected with the species An. arabiensis SENN instead of DDT strain showed greater resistance to pyrethroids, while the An. arabiensis SENN variant showed increased tolerance to pyrethroids. Additionally, the level of Nitric Oxide synthesized (NOS) expression was markedly elevated and pesticide toxicity was reduced by rising temperatures. The species of mosquito generation and survival are impacted by both extremely high and low temperatures. Anopheles mosquitoes may be impacted by climate change in a number of ways. Anopeheles mosquito species vary in how sensitive they are to temperature, even within the same complex. Nevertheless, it appears that little research has been done on how temperature affects the adult life-history characteristics of Anopheles mosquitoes; further research is required to fully understand this relationship. Some of the most serious infections that affect humans are spread by mosquitoes, such as malaria, which kills between 0.6 and 1.2 million people annually, mostly children in nations with a low income. There is growing recognition that a multifaceted strategy, including vector control, is required to prevent malaria since a single measure is likely to do so. Although there are now very efficient vector control methods, the majority of which include insecticides, they is evidence of increasing issues with the emergence of resistance. Numerous innovative genetic strategies for vector control are being developed. Large investments in molecular resources, such as the availability of many full-genome sequences, have substantially aided research on mosquito targeting. I contend that in order to advance vector control—which is an application of population biology—mosquito ecology must receive the same level of attention as mosquito molecular biology.

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